![]() ![]() Newly composed choral music is to be heard, sung in the different languages of these islands. Representatives of other religions have a part to play, handing over the items of regalia. This is a ceremony expressive of the richness of tradition and therefore of continuity and stability.īut it is also full of innovations, complementing the traditional with elements expressive of the changes in British society today. All these elements are present at this Coronation, embellished by many other traditional actions including the handing over of the Orb and Sceptre and other items of regalia. There are four consistent elements to these coronations: the anointing of the monarch, the crowning, the giving of the sword of justice and the reception of Communion. I am told that in the archives of Lambeth Palace there are records of the coronations of kings and queens reaching back to the eleventh century. The ceremony that then follows is profoundly Christian in every sentiment and action, combining history with innovation, action with word, music with silent prayer. A chorister speaks first, saying: “Your Majesty, as children of the Kingdom of God we welcome you in the name of the King of Kings” and King Charles replies: “In his name, and after his example, I come not to be served but to serve.” Therefore the distinguishing electron must occupy either the 5 s or 5 p subshell.The opening words of the Coronation of King Charles III on Saturday, 6 May, in Westminster Abbey, are most revealing. For example, iodine is a representative element in the fifth period. The value of n, the principal quantum number for the distinguishing electron, can be quickly determined by counting down from the top of the periodic table. As a general rule, in the case of the representative elements, the distinguishing electron will be in an ns or np subshell. In the third period the 3 s subshell is filling for Na and Mg, and therefore Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ar. Across the second period Li and Be have distinguishing electrons in the 2 s subshell, and electrons are being added to the 2 p subshell in the atoms from B to Ne. In the first period the distinguishing electrons for H and He are in the 1 s subshell. The first three horizontal rows or periods in the modern periodic table consist entirely of representative elements. Formulas for chlorides of the first dozen elements that show the periodic variation of valence Element This agrees with the valence rules derived from the periodic table, and results in formulas for chlorides of the first dozen elements that show the periodic variation of valence. For representative elements the number of valence electrons is the same as the periodic group number, and the number needed to match the next noble-gas configuration is 8 minus the group number. That is, the valences of the representative elements may be predicted on the basis of the number of valence electrons they have, or from the number of electrons that would have to be added in order to attain the same electron configuration as an atom of a noble gas. Many of the chemical properties of the representative elements can be explained on the basis of Lewis diagrams. Most of the elements whose chemistry and valence we have discussed so far fall into this category. The representative elements are those in which the distinguishing electron enter an s or p subshell. The type of subshell ( s, p, d, f)into which the distinguishing electron is placed is very closely related to the chemical behavior of an element and gives rise to the classification shown by the color-coding on the periodic table seen here. This last electron is called the distinguishing electron because it distinguishes an atom from the one immediately preceding it in the periodic table. ![]() Since it is the outermost (valence) electrons which are primarily involved in chemical interactions between atoms, the last electron added to an atom in the building-up process is of far more interest to a chemist than the first. The commonly used long form of the periodic table is designed to emphasize electron configurations. ![]()
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